Gulf War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Gulf War. Clockwise from top: USAFF- 1. Es, F- 1. 6s, and a F- 1. C flying over burning Kuwaiti oil wells; British troops from the Staffordshire Regiment in Operation Granby; camera view from a Lockheed AC- 1. Air War - Operation Desert Storm. As is usual in modern war, the first objective of the allied force in Saudi Arabia was to gain air superiority. Air superiority gives a military force the ability to indiscriminately attack. Highway of Death; M7. Combat Engineer Vehicle. Belligerents Kuwait United States United Kingdom France / Iraq. Commanders and leaders. Jaber Al- Ahmad Al- Jaber Al- Sabah. George H. Bush. Colin Powell. Norman Schwarzkopf. John J. Boomer. Charles Horner.
Stanley Arthur. King Fahd. Khalid bin Sultan. US President George H. Bush deployed US forces into Saudi Arabia, and urged other countries to send their own forces to the scene. An array of nations joined the Coalition, the largest military alliance since World War II. The great majority of the Coalition's military forces were from the US, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and Egypt as leading contributors, in that order. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia paid around US$3. US$6. 0 billion cost. This was followed by a ground assault on 2. February. This was a decisive victory for the Coalition forces, who liberated Kuwait and advanced into Iraqi territory. The Coalition ceased its advance, and declared a cease- fire 1. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, and areas on Saudi Arabia's border. Iraq launched Scud missiles against Coalition military targets in Saudi Arabia and against Israel. Terminology. A problem with these terms is that the usage is ambiguous, having now been applied to at least three conflicts: see Gulf War (disambiguation). The use of the term Persian Gulf (as opposed to Arabian Gulf) is also disputed: see Persian Gulf naming dispute. With no consensus of naming, various publications have attempted to refine the name. Some variants include. Gulf War (e. g. The Gulf War, BBC television series, 2. Modern Conflicts: The Gulf War, Discovery Channel DVD set, 2. Persian Gulf War (e. Encyclopedia of the Persian Gulf War, Mark Grossman, 1. An Operational Analysis of the Persian Gulf War, US Army War College, 2. Gulf War (1. 99. 0. The following names have been used to describe the conflict itself: Gulf War and Persian Gulf War have been the most common terms for the conflict used within western countries. A problem with these terms is that.The Gulf War 1. 99. Essential Histories), Alastair Finlan, 2. Gulf War, 1. 99. 0- 9. William Thomas Allison, 2. First Gulf War (to distinguish it from the 2. Iraq and the subsequent Iraq War) (e. Gulf War One: Real Voices from the Front Line, Hugh Mc. Manners, 2. 01. 0)Second Gulf War (to distinguish it from the Iran. Iraq and the Second Gulf War: State Building and Regime Security, Mohammad- Mahmoud Mohamedou, 1. Liberation of Kuwait (Arabic: . The Mother of All Battles: Saddam Hussein's Strategic Plan for the Persian Gulf War, Kevin M. Woods, 2. 00. 8). Operational names. These are sometimes incorrectly used as the conflict's overall name, especially the US Desert Storm: Operation Desert Shield was the US operational name for the US buildup of forces and Saudi Arabia's defense from 2 August 1. January 1. 99. 1. Operation Desert Storm was the US name of the airland conflict from 1. January 1. 99. 1, through 1. April 1. 99. 1. The US was concerned with Iraq's position on Israeli. The US remained officially neutral after Iraq's invasion of Iran in 1. Iran. In a US bid to open full diplomatic relations with Iraq, the country was removed from the US list of State Sponsors of Terrorism. Ostensibly, this was because of improvement in the regime's record, although former US Assistant Defense Secretary Noel Koch later stated: . The real reason was to help them succeed in the war against Iran. When Iraqi President Saddam Hussein expelled Abu Nidal to Syria at the US' request in November 1. Reagan administration sent Donald Rumsfeld to meet Saddam as a special envoy and to cultivate ties. By the time the ceasefire with Iran was signed in August 1. Iraq was heavily debt- ridden and tensions within society were rising. Iraq pressured both nations to forgive the debts, but they refused. The UK drew the border between the two countries in 1. Iraq virtually landlocked. In order for the cartel to maintain its desired price of $1. The United Arab Emirates and Kuwait were consistently overproducing; the latter at least in part to repair losses caused by Iranian attacks in the Iran. The result was a slump in the oil price . Jordan and Iraq both looked for more discipline, with little success. This was supported by the US, who believed that Iraqi ties with pro- Western Gulf states would help bring and maintain Iraq inside the US' sphere of influence. A pact of non- interference and non- aggression was signed between the countries, followed by a Kuwaiti- Iraqi deal for Iraq to supply Kuwait with water for drinking and irrigation, although a request for Kuwait to lease Iraq Umm Qasr was rejected. Iraq also looked to increase arms production so as to become an exporter, although the success of these projects was also restrained by Iraq's obligations; in Iraq, resentment to OPEC's controls mounted. These events drew little notice outside the Arab world because of fast- moving events in Eastern Europe. However, the US did begin to condemn Iraq's human rights record, including the well- known use of torture. On the 2. 3rd, the CIA reported that Iraq had moved 3. Iraq- Kuwait border, and the US naval fleet in the Persian Gulf was placed on alert. Saddam believed an anti- Iraq conspiracy was developing . Saddam immediately used funding to incorporate central intelligence into Syria and ultimately prevented the impending air strike. On 1. 5 July 1. 99. Saddam's government laid out its combined objections to the Arab League, including that policy moves were costing Iraq $1 billion a year, that Kuwait was still using the Rumaila oil field, that loans made by the UAE and Kuwait could not be considered debts to its . They are inspired by America to undermine Arab interests and security. The Iraqi leader attacked American policy with regards to Kuwait and the UAE: So what can it mean when America says it will now protect its friends? It can only mean prejudice against Iraq. This stance plus maneuvers and statements which have been made has encouraged the UAE and Kuwait to disregard Iraqi rights .. If you use pressure, we will deploy pressure and force. We know that you can harm us although we do not threaten you. But we too can harm you. Everyone can cause harm according to their ability and their size. We cannot come all the way to you in the United States, but individual Arabs may reach you .. We do not place America among the enemies. We place it where we want our friends to be and we try to be friends. But repeated American statements last year made it apparent that America did not regard us as friends. We understand that and our opinion is that you should have the opportunity to rebuild your country. But we have no opinion on the Arab- Arab conflicts, like your border disagreement with Kuwait .. Frankly, we can only see that you have deployed massive troops in the south. Normally that would not be any of our business. But when this happens in the context of what you said on your national day, then when we read the details in the two letters of the Foreign Minister, then when we see the Iraqi point of view that the measures taken by the UAE and Kuwait is, in the final analysis, parallel to military aggression against Iraq, then it would be reasonable for me to be concerned. The Iraqi response was to immediately order the invasion. According to John Childs and Andr. The T- 7. 2M tank was a common Iraqi battle tank used in the Gulf War. Iraqi commandos infiltrated the Kuwaiti border first to prepare for the major units which began the attack at midnight. The Iraqi attack had two prongs, with the primary attack force driving south straight for Kuwait City down the main highway, and a supporting attack force entering Kuwait farther west, but then turning and driving east, cutting off Kuwait City from the country's southern half. The commander of a Kuwaiti armored battalion, 3. Armoured Brigade, deployed them against the Iraqi attack and was able to conduct a robust defense (Battle of the Bridges), near Al Jahra, west of Kuwait City. A few combat sorties were flown against Iraqi ground forces. The Iraqis attacked the Dasman Palace, the Royal Residence of Kuwait's Emir, Jaber Al- Ahmad Al- Jaber Al- Sabah, which was defended by the Emiri Guard supported with M- 8. In the process, the Iraqis killed Fahad Al- Ahmed Al- Jaber Al- Sabah, the Emir's youngest brother. Within 1. 2 hours, most resistance had ended within Kuwait and the royal family had fled, leaving Iraq in control of most of Kuwait. The Emir and key ministers were able to get out and head south along the highway for refuge in Saudi Arabia. Iraqi ground forces consolidated their control of Kuwait City, then headed south and redeployed along the Saudi border. After the decisive Iraqi victory, Saddam initially installed a puppet regime known as the . Within President Ronald Reagan's National Security Council concern was growing that the war could spread beyond the boundaries of the two belligerents. A National Security Planning Group meeting was formed, chaired by then Vice President George H. Bush to review US options. It was determined that there was a high likelihood that the conflict would spread into Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states, but that the United States had little capability to defend the region. Furthermore, it was determined that a prolonged war in the region would induce much higher oil prices and threaten the fragile recovery of the world economy which was just beginning to gain momentum. On 2. 2 May 1. 98. President Reagan was briefed on the project conclusions in the Oval Office by William Flynn Martin who had served as the head of the NSC staff that organized the study. The full declassified presentation can be seen here. The Plan was approved by the President Reagan and later affirmed by the G- 7 leaders headed by Great Britain's Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the London Summit of 1. The plan was implemented and became the basis for US preparedness to respond to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait in 1.
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